What is made here
Wine colours
Colours the rules allow. Pick a colour to filter the rules and grapes below.
The source gives no colour for 1 wine category here, so the colours below are incomplete.
Where it is
Penedès in Spain
- Latitude
- 41.2°–41.6° N
- Vineyard altitude
- 99 m to 370 m
- Production zone
- 152,722 ha
Worked out from the boundaries (smallest container first). They follow whole communes, so a neighbour sharing a commune can show up here too.
Boundary drawn from whole communes, so it is a little larger than the legal zone. Boundary: Eurac Research PDO inventory (CC0). Country outlines: Natural Earth. Dots on the zone map are the vineyard points used for climate.
Showing every colour The colour filter changes the rules and grapes. Climate, vintages and soils describe the vineyards, so they stay the same.
01 · What the law says
The rules
Limits on grapes, yields, ripeness and ageing that every wine labelled Penedès must meet.
Other varieties allowed
Besides the main grapes, the rules allow these varieties in some wines. Grape names link where a profile exists.
26 varieties · 4 wines
Alarije, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Chardonnay, Chenin Blanc, Garnacha Blanca, Gewürztraminer, Grenache, Macabeo, Malvasía Aromatica, Mazuela, Merlot, Moscatel de Alejandria, Moscatel de Grano Menudo, Mourvèdre, Parellada, Petit Verdot, Pinot Noir, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Sumoll Blanco, Sumoll Tinto, Syrah, Tempranillo, Viognier, Xarello
In the vineyard and cellar: rules for every wine
Permitted, with limits
Irrigation
02 · Climate fingerprint
The climate
The growing season averages 18.6 °C, warm on Gregory Jones's scale, with 1,841 growing degree days (Winkler III).
The average year 1991–2020, vineyards at about 301 m
Monthly mean, °CRain, mmGrowing season
- Growing-season temperature
- 18.6 °C
- Warm · 17–19 °C (Jones)
- Growing degree days
- 1,841
- Region III: 1,667–1,943 degree days
- Growing-season rain
- 450 mm
- Of 680 mm a year
- Harvest rain
- 186 mm
- September–October
Copernicus ERA5-Land monthly averages at 5 vineyard points (Vineyard point 1, 197 m; Vineyard point 2, 206 m; Vineyard point 3, 125 m; Vineyard point 4, 576 m; Vineyard point 5, 402 m), moved to each point's height from the model's terrain. Indices that need daily data are not captured yet. How the climate figures are made.
Lower confidence:Monthly reanalysis in moderately complex terrain; not yet checked against a weather station.
Closest climates in the database
Picked by the data, not by hand: the profiles nearest on season warmth (counted twice), degree days, rain, ripening-month nights and day–night range. Neighbours within 30 km are left out, as they share the same weather.
1. Cerasuolo d'AbruzzoVery similarCompared with Penedès: same season warmth, similar rain.
2. SpoletoVery similarCompared with Penedès: same season warmth, similar rain.
3. СвищовVery similarCompared with Penedès: same season warmth, similar rain.
Growing-season temperature
Growing degree days
Growing-season rain
03 · Year by year
35 vintages
Each column is one growing season: heat above or below the 1991–2020 average, and rain at harvest. Pick a year for the details.
Warmer than averageCooler than averageHarvest rain (Sep–Oct)Average harvest rain, 186 mm
2025
- Growing-season temp.
- Growing degree days
- Harvest rain
- Growing-season rain
- September nights
- Hot days and frosts
Seasons are labelled by harvest year (April–October). Year-to-year changes from ERA5-Land; tested against station records in Alto Adige (r = 0.94 for season temperature at Bolzano). Rain varies more locally, so treat single-season rain with some caution. Vintage ratings, harvest dates and frost or hail events have places in the data model but are not loaded yet.
04 · Where the numbers come from
Sources
- A geospatial inventory of regulatory information for wine protected designations of origin in Europe · Candiago et al., Scientific Data 9, 394 (2022); Eurac Research · CC0
- ERA5-Land monthly averaged data (reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Climate Data Store · CC BY 4.0 (Copernicus licence)
- OpenStreetMap vineyard areas (landuse=vineyard), from Geofabrik country extracts · OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL 1.0
- Copernicus DEM GLO-90 (AWS open data tiles) · European Space Agency / Copernicus · Copernicus DEM licence
- Single document: Penedès (Official Journal C, C/2026/2777, 19.5.2026; and the technical file 'Ares(2014)2158518' from the EU register) · European Union, Official Journal (C series) · EU law (Commission reuse policy)
- Appellation nesting worked out from boundaries (pipeline/build_nesting.py) · Vinous, from the Eurac PDO boundaries · CC0 (source data)
- Climate profiles calculated by Vinous: method
Still to check (3)
- Generated from EU reference data: check against the current product specification.
- From the specification: Section 8 lists 29 varieties without shares (Agudelo – Chenin Blanc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Macabeo – Viura, Parellada, Xarello, Xarello Rosado and others). All wines from the 2025 harvest onwards must be certified organic. Minimum total acidity is given in meq/l with no figure except for quality sparkling wine. 'Vino de Mas' and 'Gran Vino de Mas' have lower yields (white and sparkling 67.93 hl/ha, red 53.55 hl/ha), recorded as the reduced yield; ice wine ('dulce de frío') may be made in each colour. Rosé yields follow the white or red variety limits. Wines must be packaged in the production area; smaller geographical units may be named on labels. The older national technical file requires the overripe-grape wine's natural strength to exceed 15 % vol (recorded as 15) and liqueur wines' musts to start from at least 240 g/l sugar; it differs from the single document on kept values: actual strength 11 % vol for white and rosé (its own text also says 9.5 for white) and 12 % vol for red, quality sparkling wine acidity 3.5 g/l (not 5), and 79.2 hl/ha for white varieties.
- National tier (DOC/DOCG) not captured yet; rules extracted from the specification text.