What is made here
Wine colours
Colours the rules allow. Pick a colour to filter the rules and grapes below.
Where it is
Esino in Italy
- Latitude
- 43.1°–43.8° N
- Vineyard altitude
- 78 m to 423 m
- Production zone
- 230,599 ha
Contains 5 appellations (outlined on the zone map)
Cònero, Lacrima di Morro, Rosso Cònero, Verdicchio di Matelica, Verdicchio di Matelica Riserva
Worked out from the boundaries (smallest container first). They follow whole communes, so a neighbour sharing a commune can show up here too.
Boundary drawn from whole communes, so it is a little larger than the legal zone. Boundary: Eurac Research PDO inventory (CC0). Country outlines: Natural Earth. Dots on the zone map are the vineyard points used for climate.
Showing every colour The colour filter changes the rules and grapes. Climate, vintages and soils describe the vineyards, so they stay the same.
01 · What the law says
The rules
Limits on grapes, yields, ripeness and ageing that every wine labelled Esino must meet.
Blend rules
Esino Rosso
- ≥ 60% Sangiovese / Montepulciano · Main grape
- ≤ 40% altri vitigni a bacca nera idonei nella Regione Marche · Others allowed
Blend rules
Esino Novello
- ≥ 60% Sangiovese / Montepulciano · Main grape
- ≤ 40% altri vitigni a bacca nera idonei nella Regione Marche · Others allowed
Blend rules
Esino Bianco
- ≥ 50% Verdicchio · Main grape
- ≤ 50% altri vitigni a bacca bianca idonei nella Regione Marche · Others allowed
Blend rules
Esino Frizzante
- ≥ 50% Verdicchio · Main grape
- ≤ 50% altri vitigni a bacca bianca idonei nella Regione Marche · Others allowed
Other varieties allowed
Besides the main grapes, the rules allow these varieties in some wines. Grape names link where a profile exists.
25 varieties · Esino Rosso, Esino Novello
Alicante, Ancellotta, Barbera, Cabernet Franc, Cabernet Sauvignon, Canaiolo Nero, Carignan, Ciliegiolo, Colorino, Foglia Tonda, Gaglioppo, Lacrima, Maiolica, Malbo Gentile, Merlot, Petit Verdot, Pinot Noir, Rebo, Refosco dal Peduncolo Rosso, Sagrantino, Syrah, Teroldego, Terrano, Vernaccia Nera, Vernaccia Nera Grossa
25 varieties · Esino Bianco, Esino Frizzante
Albana, Biancame, Bombino Bianco, Famoso, Fiano, Friulano, Garganega, Garofanata, Grechetto, Incrocio Bruni 54, Maceratino, Malvasia Bianca Lunga, Malvasia Bianca di Candia, Manzoni Bianco, Montonico Bianco, Mostosa, Muscat Blanc A Petits Grains, Passerina, Pecorino, Pinot Blanc, Riesling, Sauvignon Blanc, Trebbiano Toscano, Vermentino, Welschriesling
In the vineyard and cellar: rules for every wine
2,200
Vines per hectare, minimum
No forcing
Forcing the vines is prohibited
Emergency only
Irrigation
Cellar
Where the wine must be made
Within the production zone
02 · Climate fingerprint
The climate
The growing season averages 18.9 °C, warm on Gregory Jones's scale, with 1,907 growing degree days (Winkler III).
The average year 1991–2020, vineyards at about 253 m
Monthly mean, °CRain, mmGrowing season
- Growing-season temperature
- 18.9 °C
- Warm · 17–19 °C (Jones)
- Growing degree days
- 1,907
- Region III: 1,667–1,943 degree days
- Growing-season rain
- 452 mm
- Of 814 mm a year
- Harvest rain
- 143 mm
- September–October
Copernicus ERA5-Land monthly averages at 5 vineyard points (Vineyard point 1, 209 m; Vineyard point 2, 194 m; Vineyard point 3, 412 m; Vineyard point 4, 47 m; Vineyard point 5, 403 m), moved to each point's height from the model's terrain. Indices that need daily data are not captured yet. How the climate figures are made.
Lower confidence:Monthly reanalysis in moderately complex terrain; not yet checked against a weather station.
Closest climates in the database
Picked by the data, not by hand: the profiles nearest on season warmth (counted twice), degree days, rain, ripening-month nights and day–night range. Neighbours within 30 km are left out, as they share the same weather.
1. Trebbiano d'AbruzzoVery similarCompared with Esino: same season warmth, similar rain.
2. Долината на СтрумаVery similarCompared with Esino: same season warmth, similar rain.
3. Maremma toscanaVery similarCompared with Esino: same season warmth, similar rain.
Growing-season temperature
Growing degree days
Growing-season rain
03 · Year by year
35 vintages
Each column is one growing season: heat above or below the 1991–2020 average, and rain at harvest. Pick a year for the details.
Warmer than averageCooler than averageHarvest rain (Sep–Oct)Average harvest rain, 143 mm
2025
- Growing-season temp.
- Growing degree days
- Harvest rain
- Growing-season rain
- September nights
- Hot days and frosts
Seasons are labelled by harvest year (April–October). Year-to-year changes from ERA5-Land; tested against station records in Alto Adige (r = 0.94 for season temperature at Bolzano). Rain varies more locally, so treat single-season rain with some caution. Vintage ratings, harvest dates and frost or hail events have places in the data model but are not loaded yet.
04 · Where the numbers come from
Sources
- A geospatial inventory of regulatory information for wine protected designations of origin in Europe · Candiago et al., Scientific Data 9, 394 (2022); Eurac Research · CC0
- Quality wines in Italy and France: a dataset of PDO specifications · figshare 25393261 · CC BY 4.0
- ERA5-Land monthly averaged data (reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Climate Data Store · CC BY 4.0 (Copernicus licence)
- OpenStreetMap vineyard areas (landuse=vineyard), from Geofabrik country extracts · OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL 1.0
- Copernicus DEM GLO-90 (AWS open data tiles) · European Space Agency / Copernicus · Copernicus DEM licence
- Disciplinare di produzione: Esino · Ministero dell'agricoltura, della sovranità alimentare e delle foreste (MASAF) · Official act
- Appellation nesting worked out from boundaries (pipeline/build_nesting.py) · Vinous, from the Eurac PDO boundaries · CC0 (source data)
- Climate profiles calculated by Vinous: method
Still to check (3)
- Generated from EU reference data: check against the current product specification.
- From the specification: Esino Frizzante is the white type and Novello the red type, so they take the bianco and rosso grape and yield rules. Density minimum applies to vineyards planted after the specification came into force. Vineyards registered for Rosso Piceno, Verdicchio dei Castelli di Jesi, Verdicchio di Matelica, Rosso Conero and Lacrima di Morro d'Alba may be declared as Esino. Wine yield max 70% (no hl/ha figure); sweetening allowed.
- National tier (DOC/DOCG) not captured yet; rules extracted from the specification text.