What is made here
Wine colours
Colours the rules allow. Pick a colour to filter the rules and grapes below.
Where it is
Ischia in Italy
- Latitude
- 40.7°–40.8° N
- Vineyard altitude
- 27 m to 344 m
- Production zone
- 4,622 ha
Boundary drawn from whole communes, so it is a little larger than the legal zone. Boundary: Eurac Research PDO inventory (CC0). Country outlines: Natural Earth. Dots on the zone map are the vineyard points used for climate.
Showing every colour The colour filter changes the rules and grapes. Climate, vintages and soils describe the vineyards, so they stay the same.
01 · What the law says
The rules
Limits on grapes, yields, ripeness and ageing that every wine labelled Ischia must meet.
Blend rules
Ischia Bianco
- 45–70% Forastera · Main grape
- 30–55% Biancolella · Main grape
- ≤ 15% other non-aromatic white grapes suitable for the province of Napoli · Others allowed
Blend rules
Ischia Bianco Superiore
- 45–70% Forastera · Main grape
- 30–55% Biancolella · Main grape
- ≤ 15% other non-aromatic white grapes suitable for the province of Napoli · Others allowed
Blend rules
Ischia Bianco Spumante
- 45–70% Forastera · Main grape
- 30–55% Biancolella · Main grape
- ≤ 15% other non-aromatic white grapes suitable for the province of Napoli · Others allowed
Blend rules
Ischia Rosso
- 40–50% Guarnaccia · Main grape
- 40–50% Piedirosso (Per’ e Palummo) · Main grape
- ≤ 15% other non-aromatic red grapes suitable for the province of Napoli · Others allowed
Blend rules
Ischia Forastera
- ≥ 85% Forastera · Main grape
- ≤ 15% other non-aromatic white grapes suitable for the province of Napoli · Others allowed
Blend rules
Ischia Biancolella
- ≥ 85% Biancolella · Main grape
- ≤ 15% other non-aromatic white grapes suitable for the province of Napoli · Others allowed
Blend rules
Ischia Piedirosso/Per' e Palummo
- ≥ 85% Piedirosso (Per’ e Palummo) · Main grape
- ≤ 15% other non-aromatic red grapes suitable for the province of Napoli · Others allowed
Blend rules
Ischia Piedirosso/Per' e Palummo Passito
- ≥ 85% Piedirosso (Per’ e Palummo) · Main grape
- ≤ 15% other non-aromatic red grapes suitable for the province of Napoli · Others allowed
Other varieties allowed
Besides the main grapes, the rules allow these varieties in some wines. Grape names link where a profile exists.
13 varieties · Ischia Bianco, Ischia Bianco Superiore, Ischia Bianco Spumante
Asprinio Bianco, Bombino Bianco, Caprettone, Catalanesca, Coda di Volpe Bianca, Falanghina, Fiano, Greco, Montonico Bianco, Muscat Blanc A Petits Grains, S. Lunardo, Trebbiano Toscano, Verdeca
13 varieties · Ischia Rosso, Ischia Piedirosso/Per' e Palummo, Ischia Piedirosso/Per' e Palummo Passito
Aglianico, Aglianicone, Alicante, Ancellotta, Barbera, Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Montepulciano, Olivella Nera, Pinot Noir, Primitivo, Sangiovese, Sciascinoso
14 varieties · Ischia Forastera
Asprinio Bianco, Biancolella, Bombino Bianco, Caprettone, Catalanesca, Coda di Volpe Bianca, Falanghina, Fiano, Greco, Montonico Bianco, Muscat Blanc A Petits Grains, S. Lunardo, Trebbiano Toscano, Verdeca
14 varieties · Ischia Biancolella
Asprinio Bianco, Bombino Bianco, Caprettone, Catalanesca, Coda di Volpe Bianca, Falanghina, Fiano, Forastera, Greco, Montonico Bianco, Muscat Blanc A Petits Grains, S. Lunardo, Trebbiano Toscano, Verdeca
In the vineyard and cellar: rules for every wine
No forcing
Forcing the vines is prohibited
Prohibited
Irrigation
Cellar
Where the wine must be made
Within the production zone
02 · Climate fingerprint
The climate
The growing season averages 20.2 °C, hot on Gregory Jones's scale, with 2,186 growing degree days (Winkler IV).
The average year 1991–2020, vineyards at about 101 m
Monthly mean, °CRain, mmGrowing season
- Growing-season temperature
- 20.2 °C
- Hot · 19–21 °C (Jones)
- Growing degree days
- 2,186
- Region IV: 1,944–2,221 degree days
- Growing-season rain
- 424 mm
- Of 1,088 mm a year
- Harvest rain
- 229 mm
- September–October
Copernicus ERA5-Land monthly averages at 5 vineyard points (Vineyard point 1, 324 m; Vineyard point 2, 15 m; Vineyard point 3, 41 m; Vineyard point 4, 4 m; Vineyard point 5, 121 m), moved to each point's height from the model's terrain. Indices that need daily data are not captured yet. How the climate figures are made.
Lower confidence:The vineyards are on land too small for the reanalysis grid, so the nearest land cell (up to 29 km away) is used; island climates are usually milder than this. Monthly reanalysis in moderately complex terrain; not yet checked against a weather station.
Closest climates in the database
Picked by the data, not by hand: the profiles nearest on season warmth (counted twice), degree days, rain, ripening-month nights and day–night range. Neighbours within 30 km are left out, as they share the same weather.
1. CirceoVery similarCompared with Ischia: same season warmth, similar rain.
2. SuveretoVery similarCompared with Ischia: same season warmth, similar rain.
3. ApriliaVery similarCompared with Ischia: same season warmth, similar rain.
Growing-season temperature
Growing degree days
Growing-season rain
03 · Year by year
35 vintages
Each column is one growing season: heat above or below the 1991–2020 average, and rain at harvest. Pick a year for the details.
Warmer than averageCooler than averageHarvest rain (Sep–Oct)Average harvest rain, 229 mm
2025
- Growing-season temp.
- Growing degree days
- Harvest rain
- Growing-season rain
- September nights
- Hot days and frosts
Seasons are labelled by harvest year (April–October). Year-to-year changes from ERA5-Land; tested against station records in Alto Adige (r = 0.94 for season temperature at Bolzano). Rain varies more locally, so treat single-season rain with some caution. Vintage ratings, harvest dates and frost or hail events have places in the data model but are not loaded yet.
04 · Where the numbers come from
Sources
- A geospatial inventory of regulatory information for wine protected designations of origin in Europe · Candiago et al., Scientific Data 9, 394 (2022); Eurac Research · CC0
- Quality wines in Italy and France: a dataset of PDO specifications · figshare 25393261 · CC BY 4.0
- ERA5-Land monthly averaged data (reanalysis-era5-land-monthly-means) · Copernicus Climate Change Service (C3S), Climate Data Store · CC BY 4.0 (Copernicus licence)
- OpenStreetMap vineyard areas (landuse=vineyard), from Geofabrik country extracts · OpenStreetMap contributors · ODbL 1.0
- Copernicus DEM GLO-90 (AWS open data tiles) · European Space Agency / Copernicus · Copernicus DEM licence
- Disciplinare di produzione: Ischia · Ministero dell'agricoltura, della sovranità alimentare e delle foreste (MASAF) · Official act
- Climate profiles calculated by Vinous: method
Still to check (3)
- Generated from EU reference data: check against the current product specification.
- From the specification: Bianco and Bianco superiore need at least 30 days in bottle and Rosso at least 90 days before release (not expressible in whole months). No grape yield or natural alcohol is set for the Bianco spumante, and its sparkling method is not specified. The passito grapes are dried to 14.5% natural alcohol and enrichment by concentration is excluded.
- National tier (DOC/DOCG) not captured yet; rules extracted from the specification text.